Comparison of hemostatic efficacy and cytotoxicity of three ferric subsulfate- and chitosan-based styptics in different formulations using a rat tail bleeding model / 대한수의학회지

This study was conducted to compare the hemostatic efficacy of three ferric subsulfate- and chitosan-based styptics as a powder and a gel containing ferric subsulfate and chitosan (FSC-PO and FSC-G, respectively) and a soaked pad containing ferric subsulfate and lidocaine (FSL-SP) using a rat tail bleeding model. The cytotoxicity of the styptics against L-929 mouse fibroblasts was also evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Four groups of 10 rats each were assigned to the three different styptics and a non-treated control groups. Rat tail tips were transected, after which styptics were applied with pressure. The wounds were observed for hemostasis for 3 min, then irrigated with saline to check for recurrent hemorrhage. L-929 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to extracts of the styptics (100 mg/mL) and their dilutions (1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000). FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively controlled initial hemorrhage than FSL-SP (p = 0.033). Additionally, FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively maintained hemostasis than the control group (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). However, all styptics showed enhanced cytotoxicity against L-929 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, although FSC-PO and FSC-G would be recommended to control hemorrhage, the benefits of styptics must be balanced against the clinical significance of their cytotoxicity.

Comparison of hemostatic efficacy and cytotoxicity of three ferric subsulfate- and chitosan-based styptics in different formulations using a rat tail bleeding model

This study was conducted to compare the hemostatic efficacy of three ferric subsulfate- and chitosan-based styptics as a powder and a gel containing ferric subsulfate and chitosan (FSC-PO and FSC-G, respectively) and a soaked pad containing ferric subsulfate and lidocaine (FSL-SP) using a rat tail bleeding model. The cytotoxicity of the styptics against L-929 mouse fibroblasts was also evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Four groups of 10 rats each were assigned to the three different styptics and a non-treated control groups. Rat tail tips were transected, after which styptics were applied with pressure. The wounds were observed for hemostasis for 3 min, then irrigated with saline to check for recurrent hemorrhage. L-929 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to extracts of the styptics (100 mg/mL) and their dilutions (1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000). FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively controlled initial hemorrhage than FSL-SP (p = 0.033). Additionally, FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively maintained hemostasis than the control group (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). However, all styptics showed enhanced cytotoxicity against L-929 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, although FSC-PO and FSC-G would be recommended to control hemorrhage, the benefits of styptics must be balanced against the clinical significance of their cytotoxicity.

The Imaging Features of Desmoid Tumors: the Usefulness of Diffusion Weighted Imaging to Differentiate between Desmoid and Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the imaging findings of desmoid tumors using various imaging modalities and to evaluate whether diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can help differentiate between desmoid and malignant tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 27 patients with pathologically confirmed desmoid tumors. Two radiologists reviewed 23 computed tomography (CT), 12 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 8 positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans of desmoid tumors and recorded data regarding the shape, multiplicity, size, location, degree of enhancement, and presence or absence of calcification or hemorrhage. The signal intensity of masses on T1- and T2-weighted imaging and the presence or absence of whirling or band-like low signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging were recorded. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the desmoid tumors in nine patients with DWIs were compared with the ADC values of 32 malignant tumors. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) on PET-CT images was measured in 8 patients who underwent a PET-CT. RESULTS: The mean size of the 27 tumors was 6.77 cm (range, 2.5-26 cm) and four tumors exhibited multiplicity. The desmoid tumors were classified by shape as either mass forming (n = 18), infiltrative (n = 4), or combined (n = 5). The location of the tumors was either intra-abdominal (n = 15), within the abdominal wall (n = 8) or extra-abdominal (n = 4). Among the 27 tumors, 21 showed moderate to marked enhancement and 22 showed homogeneous enhancement. Two tumors showed calcifications and one displayed hemorrhage. Eleven of the 12 MR T2-weighted images showed whirling or band-like low signal intensity areas in the mass. The mean ADC value of the desmoid tumors (1493 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s) was significantly higher than the mean of the malignant soft tissue tumors (873 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s, P < 0.001). On the PET-CT images, all tumors exhibited an intermediate SUV(max) (mean, 3.7; range, 2.3–4.5). CONCLUSION: Desmoids tumors showed homogenous, moderate to marked enhancement on CT and MRI scans and a characteristic whirling or band-like pattern on T2-weighted images. DWI can be useful for the differentiation of desmoid tumors from malignant soft tissue tumors.

Sterile Pyometra in Two Dogs

Two young dogs were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University, one for examination of vaginal discharge and the other after being hit by a car. Dog 1 exhibited a high neutrophil count on Gram-stained vaginal smears, marked leukocytosis on a complete blood count, and uterine enlargement on ultrasonography. In dog 2, a markedly enlarged right uterine horn containing echogenic debris was found incidentally on ultrasonography. A tentative diagnosis of pyometra was made in both cases and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Purulent material was collected from each uterine horn and submitted separately for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture; all culture results were negative. The white blood cell count revealed normal limits 2 days post operation in dog 1 and 4 days post operation in dog 2. Positive bacterial cultures are usually obtained from dogs with pyometra, and antibiotic selection is based on the results of culture and sensitivity testing in the event of failure of empiric antibiotic therapy. However, in the cases reported here, no bacterial growth was identified from the uterine samples despite the presence of purulent material. A short course of empiric antibiotic therapy was administered. This is the first known report describing sterile pyometra in dogs.

A standardization model based on image recognition for performance evaluation of an oral scanner

PURPOSE: Accurate information is essential in dentistry. The image information of missing teeth is used in optically based medical equipment in prosthodontic treatment. To evaluate oral scanners, the standardized model was examined from cases of image recognition errors of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and a model that combines the variables with reference to ISO 12836:2015 was designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The basic model was fabricated by applying 4 factors to the tooth profile (chamfer, groove, curve, and square) and the bottom surface. Photo-type and video-type scanners were used to analyze 3D images after image capture. The scans were performed several times according to the prescribed sequence to distinguish the model from the one that did not form, and the results confirmed it to be the best. RESULTS: In the case of the initial basic model, a 3D shape could not be obtained by scanning even if several shots were taken. Subsequently, the recognition rate of the image was improved with every variable factor, and the difference depends on the tooth profile and the pattern of the floor surface. CONCLUSION: Based on the recognition error of the LDA, the recognition rate decreases when the model has a similar pattern. Therefore, to obtain the accurate 3D data, the difference of each class needs to be provided when developing a standardized model.

Factors Related to Radiation Exposure during Lumbar Spine Intervention

Fluoroscopy guidance is useful to confirm anatomical landmark and needle location for spine intervention; however, it can lead to radiation exposure in patients, physicians, and medical staff. Physicians who used fluoroscopy should be cognizant of radiation exposure and intend to minimize radiation dose. We retrospectively reviewed three lumbar spine intervention procedures (nerve root block, medial branch block, and facet joint block) at our institution between June and December, 2014. We performed 268 procedures on 220 patients and found significant difference in radiation dose between two groups classified by performing physicians. The physician who controlled the fluoroscopy unit directly used significantly shorter fluoroscopy (6 seconds) that resulted in a smaller radiation dose (dose area product [DAP] 0.59 Gy.cm2) than the physician supervising the radiographer controlling the fluoroscopy unit (72 seconds, DAP 5.31 Gy.cm2, P < 0.001). The analysis indicates that the difference in fluoroscopy time depends on whether a physician or a radiographer controls the fluoroscopy unit.

Differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on the proportion of sponge-like areas on ultrasonography: imaging-pathologic correlation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is possible to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules according to the proportion of sponge-like appearance within the nodules. METHODS: A total of 201 thyroid nodules containing sponge-like appearance from 195 patients (157 women and 38 men) were included this study. Each thyroid nodule was classified into one of three grades by real-time ultrasonography (US) based on the areas with a sponge-like appearance within nodule: grade I had sponge-like areas occupying 75%. We evaluated whether a correlation existed between these grades and cytopathologic diagnoses. RESULTS: Of the 201 nodules, 196 were benign and five were malignant, and according to the US classification, 101 nodules were grade I, 45 were grade II, and 55 were grade III. Of the five malignant nodules, four were grade I, and one was grade II. No statistically significant difference was found in the rate of malignancy between grade III and grades I and II, due to insufficient statistical power. A sponge-like appearance was correlated with follicles filled with colloid and cholesterol granules in benign nodules and with papillary fronds around the dilated cystic spaces in malignant nodules. CONCLUSION: No malignancies were found in thyroid nodules with >75% sponge-like appearance. Due to the overall low incidence of malignancy and the limited number of patients, a statistically significant difference could not be found in the prevalence of malignancy depending on the proportion of sponge-like areas within the nodule.

Intra- and interobserver reliability of gray scale/dynamic range evaluation of ultrasonography using a standardized phantom

PURPOSE: To evaluate intra- and interobserver reliability of the gray scale/dynamic range of the phantom image evaluation of ultrasonography using a standardized phantom, and to assess the effect of interactive education on the reliability. METHODS: Three radiologists (a resident, and two board-certified radiologists with 2 and 7 years of experience in evaluating ultrasound phantom images) performed the gray scale/dynamic range test for an ultrasound machine using a standardized phantom. They scored the number of visible cylindrical structures of varying degrees of brightness and made a 'pass or fail' decision. First, they scored 49 phantom images twice from a 2010 survey with limited knowledge of phantom images. After this, the radiologists underwent two hours of interactive education for the phantom images and scored another 91 phantom images from a 2011 survey twice. Intra- and interobserver reliability before and after the interactive education session were analyzed using K analyses. RESULTS: Before education, the K-value for intraobserver reliability for the radiologist with 7 years of experience, 2 years of experience, and the resident was 0.386, 0.469, and 0.465, respectively. After education, the K-values were improved (0.823, 0.611, and 0.711, respectively). For interobserver reliability, the K-value was also better after the education for the 3 participants (0.067, 0.002, and 0.547 before education; 0.635, 0.667, and 0.616 after education, respectively). CONCLUSION: The intra- and interobserver reliability of the gray scale/dynamic range was fair to substantial. Interactive education can improve reliability. For more reliable results, double-checking of phantom images by multiple reviewers is recommended.

MR Imaging Findings of Extraovarian Endocervical Mucinous Borderline Tumors Arising from Pelvic Endometriosis

We report MR imaging findings of a rare case of endocervical mucinous borderline tumor (MBT) involving the cul-de-sac and left fallopian tube arising from extensive pelvic endometriosis with pathologic correlation in a 35-year-old woman presented with vague pelvic pain. Endocervical MBT is a type of endometriosis-associated carcinoma. Imaging findings of endocervical MBT are unilocular or oligolocular cystic lesions with enhancing mural nodules, which are different from those of the more common intestinal type MBT.

The Ultrasound and MRI Findings of Uterine Adenofibroma: A Case Report

Adenofibroma is an extremely rare benign mullerian mixed tumor composed of epithelium and mesenchymal cells. Most uterine adenofibromas occur in the endometrium, but they rarely protrude into the vagina. To date, only a few such cases with the imaging findings have been reported. Therefore, we report here on the sonographic and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of a case of endometrial adenofibroma protruding into the vaginal cavity in a 28-year-old woman. The uterine adenofibroma appeared as a large intracavitary echogenic mass containing multiple small internal cysts, and it was distending the vaginal cavity on transrectal sonography. T2- weighted MR images showed a large intracavitary mass with heterogeneous high signal intensity protruding into the vaginal cavity. On gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR images, heterogeneous septa-like enhancement was noted in the mass. Although uterine adenofibroma is extremely rare, adenofibroma can be suggested as a possible diagnosis when an intracavitary uterine mass, with multiple internal small cystic components and enhancing septa-like structures, is protruding into the vaginal cavity on imaging.

CT and MR Imaging Findings of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Involving the Uterus and Pelvic Cavity

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare idiopathic disease and this is characterized by a proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells in the lungs and in the lymphatic system of the thorax and retroperitoneum. The female genital tract is rarely affected by LAM. We report here on the CT and MR imaging findings of extensive LAM involving the uterus and pelvic cavity, and this was seen as multiple cystic uterine and parauterine masses with internal hemorrhage in a young female with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Imaging Findings of Intrahepatic Bile Duct Adenoma (Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma): a Case Report and Literature Review

Intrahepatic bile duct adenoma is a rare benign epithelial hepatic tumor derived from bile duct cells. We report the imaging findings of a patient with bile duct adenoma, which appeared as a small heterogeneously enhancing mass with focal small cystic change on CT and MRI. Follow-up images at seven months showed a slight increase in tumor size, which could be partly explained by intratumoral hemorrhage on pathologic examination. Although rare, bile duct adenoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis of a small hypervascular tumor located in the periphery of liver. Focal cystic change and intratumoral hemorrhage may occur.

Sonographic Features of Vasectomy-Related Changes and Abnormalities in the Scrotum

This article presents changes in the testis and epididymis after a vasectomy as well as illustrate the various vasectomy-related abnormalities on sonographic examination. In patients with scrotal pain after a recent vasectomy, the sonographic findings include enlargement of the epididymis with an ill-defined border and hematoma, or a hematocele surrounding the testis and epididymis. Vasectomy-related changes are likely attributable to post-vasectomy obstructive changes and increased intraluminal pressure in the efferent ducts, epididymides, and vas deferens. The typical sonographic changes after a vasectomy primarily include epididymal thickening and epididymal tubular ectasia with diminished blood flow in the epididymis. Spermatoceles display various sonographic findings, from multilocular cysts, to cystic lesions with low-echo levels, to a solid mass. Sperm granulomas appear as well-circumscribed heterogeneous masses on sonography and are commonly found at the epididymis or the ends of the severed vas deferens. The hydrocele, varicocele, epididymal cysts, and testicular cysts can also be associated; however, these findings are nonspecific. When radiologists encounter abnormalities of the scrotum, it would be useful to obtain a history of vasectomy to enable a correct diagnosis. Understanding of sonographic features of vasectomy-related changes and abnormalities is essential for correct diagnosis and proper management.

Imaging Assessment of Primary Prostate Cancer, Focused on Advanced MR Imaging and PET/CT

Imaging assessment of prostate cancer is one of the most difficult sections of oncology imaging. Detecting, localizing and staging of the primary prostate cancer by preoperative imaging are still challenging for the radiologist. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides excellent soft tissue contrast and is widely used for solid organ imaging, but results of preoperative imaging of the prostate gland with conventional MR imaging is unsatisfactory. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) is the cornerstone in oncology imaging, but some limitations prohibit the assessment of primary prostate cancer with PET or PET/CT. Recent studies to overcome these insufficient accuracies of imaging evaluation of primary prostate cancers with advanced MR techniques and PET and PET/CT are reported. In this article, we review the imaging findings of prostate cancer on variable modalities, focused on MR imaging and PET/CT.

Trousseau's Syndrome in Association with Cholangiocarcinoma: Positive Tests for Coagulation Factors and Anticardiolipin Antibody

Thromboembolic events are reported to occur with a high frequency in the setting of malignancy. However, reports on an association between cholangiocarcinoma and pulmonary thromboembolism, thus far, are almost lacking. We present here an unusual case of a 56-yr-old patient presenting cholangiocarcinoma and unexplained pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient had been quite healthy before the diagnosis. Coagulation tests showed elevated levels of fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), D-dimer, and IgM anticardiolipin antibody (aCL Ab). The thromboemboli were resolved 3 weeks after anticoagulant therapy using lowmolecular-weight-heparin. Then, follow-up coagulation tests showed a marked decrease to normal in aCL Ab titer as well as the normalization of FDP and D-dimer levels. In this case, we describe pulmonary thromboembolism caused by hypercoagulable state associated with cholangiocarcinoma and speculate that such a thrombotic phenomenon could be regressed by anticoagulant therapy.

MR Imaging Findings of Ovarian Cystadenofibroma: Clues for Making the Differential Diagnosis from Ovarian Malignancy

No Abstract Available.

Imaging Findings of Midgut Volvulus Associated with a Large Small-Bowel Diverticulum in an Adult Patient: Case Report

Although most patients with jejunoileal diverticulum are asymptomatic, a large, small-bowel diverticulum can be associated with midgut volvulus in an adult. We present a rare case of midgut volvulus that was associated with a large, small-bowel diverticulum in a 77-year-old woman presenting with chronic recurrent abdominal pain. The CT showed the characteristic whirl sign of twisted mesentery, the small bowel loops along the superior mesenteric artery and a large sac-like small-bowel diverticulum. A small bowel series also demonstrated a corkscrew appearance of proximal jejunum, a finding suggestive of midgut volvulus, and a large jejunal diverticulum. During the laparotomy, the small bowel was seen twisted counterclockwise 270 degree. The mesenteric root was very shortened. A 4 cm sized diverticulum was seen on the mesenteric border of jejunum, on the portion about 40 cm distal from the Treitz ligament.

High Grade Hemangioendothelioma of the Temporal Bone in a Child: A Case Report

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor characterized by endothelial tumor cells and variable malignant behavior, and it's not common for this lesion to involve the bone. Although there are a few reports of cranial involvement by hemangioendothelioma, only rare cases arising in temporal bone have been published. We present the radiologic findings of a 7-year-old boy who had a high grade hemangioendothelioma involving the temporal bone with intracranial extension. Evidence of flow voids on MR images suggested a tumor of vascular origin, and the ill-defined margins, cortical destruction and intracranial extension on the CT and MR images were correlated with the tumor's high histologic grade.

Traumatic Carotid-cavernous Fistula with Contralateral Proptosis: Case Report

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula frequently results in proptosis on the side of the fistula by retrograde drainage from the cavernous sinus to the superior ophthalmic vein. The involvement of the opposite orbit is due to the presence of connections between the cavernous sinuses on both sides, but exclusive contralateral orbit involvement is rare. We report a case in which the CCF with a contralateral proptosis developed in a 63 year-old man after a motor vehicle accident. MR angiography depicted the markedly dilated left cavernous sinus and left superior ophthalmic vein, sparing the right side. However, angiography showed a direct fistula between the right internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus with exclusive contralateral venous drainage via the intercavernous sinus. A detachable balloon was used to occlude the fistula, and the contralateral orbital symptom regressed.

Mammographic and Sonographic Findings of Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the mammographic and sonographic appearances of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mammographic and sonographic findings in eight female patients (aged: 28-78 years, mean: 50.3 years) with pathologically proven metaplastic cancer were analyzed retrospectively by three radiologists. We analyzed the size, density, shape, margin, associated architectural distortion, calcification in the mass and enlarged lymph node at the axilla, on the mammograms. We also analyzed the shape, margin and echogenicity of the lesions on the sonograms. RESULTS: On mammography, irregular (n=4), lobular (n=2) or oval (n=2) shaped high density masses were found. The margins of the masses were indistinct (n=4) or obscured (n=3). There were architectural distortions in three cases and pleomorphic calcifications in two cases. On sonography, irregular (n=5) or oval (n=3) shaped masses with microlobulated margins were found. The echopatterns of the masses were complex (n=5) or hypoechoic (n=3). CONCLUSION: The mammographic and sonographic findings of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast are nonspecific and similar to those of other forms of breast cancer. However, this type of tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis for breast masses which appear as an irregular or oval shape with a microlobulated margin and a complex or hypoechoic echopattern on sonography.